Management diversity begets biodiversity in production forest landscapes

How to manage forest for biodiversity conservation is an ongoing debate. We argue that maximizing in managed landscapes requires a diversity of management regimes space and time. This will generate high levels habitat heterogeneity at landscape scale, which turn support various groups species. Based on concepts from ecology, we formulate five hypotheses how diversity, i.e. combining approaches can benefit overall across production landscape. First, increase and, therefore, beta (the hypothesis). Second, asynchrony timing enhance long-term availability different types spatio-temporal Third, create spatial adjacency or proximity stands with successional stages by providing simultaneous access multiple resources interspersion Fourth, heterogeneous unmanaged set-aside forests, interspersed are needed complete natural Fifth, functional connectivity between protected forests species through time temporary corridor Although strongly grounded these remain largely under-investigated, suggest methods they be tested. In the meantime, increasing represents risk-spreading approach adaptation global change, therefore likely reasonable objective sustainable forestry moving forward.